react-ui-patterns

React UI Patterns

Core Principles

Loading State Patterns

The Golden Rule

Show loading indicator ONLY when there's no data to display.

// CORRECT - Only show loading when no data exists
const { data, loading, error } = useGetItemsQuery();
if (error) return <ErrorState error={error} onRetry={refetch} />;
if (loading && !data) return <LoadingState />;
if (!data?.items.length) return <EmptyState />;
return <ItemList items={data.items} />;

// WRONG - Shows spinner even when we have cached data
if (loading) return <LoadingState />; // Flashes on refetch!

Loading State Decision Tree

Is there an error?
  → Yes: Show error state with retry option
  → No: Continue
Is it loading AND we have no data?
  → Yes: Show loading indicator (spinner/skeleton)
  → No: Continue
Do we have data?
  → Yes, with items: Show the data
  → Yes, but empty: Show empty state
  → No: Show loading (fallback)

Skeleton vs Spinner

Error Handling Patterns

The Error Handling Hierarchy

1. Inline error (field-level) → Form validation errors
Toast notification → Recoverable errors, user can retry

Error banner → Page-level errors, data still partially usable

Full error screen → Unrecoverable, needs user action

Always Show Errors

CRITICAL: Never swallow errors silently.

// CORRECT - Error always surfaced to user
const [createItem, { loading }] = useCreateItemMutation({
  onCompleted: () => {
    toast.success({ title: 'Item created' });
  },
  onError: (error) => {
    console.error('createItem failed:', error);
    toast.error({ title: 'Failed to create item' });
  },
});
// WRONG - Error silently caught, user has no idea
const [createItem] = useCreateItemMutation({
  onError: (error) => {
    console.error(error); // User sees nothing!
  },
});

Error State Component Pattern

interface ErrorStateProps {
  error: Error;
  onRetry?: () => void;
  title?: string;
}
const ErrorState = ({ error, onRetry, title }: ErrorStateProps) => (
  <div className="error-state">
    <Icon name="exclamation-circle" />
    <h3>{title ?? 'Something went wrong'}</h3>
    <p>{error.message}</p>
    {onRetry && (
      <Button onClick={onRetry}>Try Again</Button>
    )}
  </div>
);

Button State Patterns

Button Loading State

<Button
  onClick={handleSubmit}
  isLoading={isSubmitting}
  disabled={!isValid || isSubmitting}
>
  Submit
</Button>

Disable During Operations

CRITICAL: Always disable triggers during async operations.

// CORRECT - Button disabled while loading
<Button
  disabled={isSubmitting}
  isLoading={isSubmitting}
  onClick={handleSubmit}
>
  Submit
</Button>
// WRONG - User can tap multiple times
<Button onClick={handleSubmit}>
  {isSubmitting ? 'Submitting...' : 'Submit'}
</Button>

Empty States

Empty State Requirements

Every list/collection MUST have an empty state:

// WRONG - No empty state
return <FlatList data={items} />;
// CORRECT - Explicit empty state
return (
  <FlatList
    data={items}
    ListEmptyComponent={<EmptyState />}
  />
);

Contextual Empty States

// Search with no results
<EmptyState
  icon="search"
  title="No results found"
  description="Try different search terms"
/>
// List with no items yet
<EmptyState
  icon="plus-circle"
  title="No items yet"
  description="Create your first item"
  action={{ label: 'Create Item', onClick: handleCreate }}
/>

Form Submission Pattern

const MyForm = () => {
  const [submit, { loading }] = useSubmitMutation({
    onCompleted: handleSuccess,
    onError: handleError,
  });
  const handleSubmit = async () => {
    if (!isValid) {
      toast.error({ title: 'Please fix errors' });
      return;
    }
    await submit({ variables: { input: values } });
  };
  return (
    <form>
      <Input
        value={values.name}
        onChange={handleChange('name')}
        error={touched.name ? errors.name : undefined}
      />
      <Button
        type="submit"
        onClick={handleSubmit}
        disabled={!isValid || loading}
        isLoading={loading}
      >
        Submit
      </Button>
    </form>
  );
};

Anti-Patterns

Loading States

// WRONG - Spinner when data exists (causes flash)
if (loading) return <Spinner />;
// CORRECT - Only show loading without data
if (loading && !data) return <Spinner />;

Error Handling

// WRONG - Error swallowed
try {
  await mutation();
} catch (e) {
  console.log(e); // User has no idea!
}
// CORRECT - Error surfaced
onError: (error) => {
  console.error('operation failed:', error);
  toast.error({ title: 'Operation failed' });
}

Button States

// WRONG - Button not disabled during submission
<Button onClick={submit}>Submit</Button>
// CORRECT - Disabled and shows loading
<Button onClick={submit} disabled={loading} isLoading={loading}>
  Submit
</Button>

Checklist

Before completing any UI component:

UI States:

Data & Mutations:

Integration with Other Skills