torch-geometric - Agent Skills

PyTorch Geometric (PyG)

Overview

PyTorch Geometric is a library built on PyTorch for developing and training Graph Neural Networks (GNNs). Apply this skill for deep learning on graphs and irregular structures, including mini-batch processing, multi-GPU training, and geometric deep learning applications.

When to Use This Skill

This skill should be used when working with:

Graph-based machine learning: Node classification, graph classification, link prediction

Molecular property prediction: Drug discovery, chemical property prediction

Social network analysis: Community detection, influence prediction

Citation networks: Paper classification, recommendation systems

3D geometric data: Point clouds, meshes, molecular structures

Heterogeneous graphs: Multi-type nodes and edges (e.g., knowledge graphs)

Large-scale graph learning: Neighbor sampling, distributed training

Quick Start

Installation

uv pip install torch_geometric

For additional dependencies (sparse operations, clustering):

uv pip install pyg_lib torch_scatter torch_sparse torch_cluster torch_spline_conv -f https://data.pyg.org/whl/torch-${TORCH}+${CUDA}.html

Basic Graph Creation

import torch
from torch_geometric.data import Data
Create a simple graph with 3 nodes

edge_index = torch.tensor([[0, 1, 1, 2],  # source nodes
                           [1, 0, 2, 1]], dtype=torch.long)  # target nodes
x = torch.tensor([[-1], [0], [1]], dtype=torch.float)  # node featuresdata = Data(x=x, edge_index=edge_index)
print(f"Nodes: {data.num_nodes}, Edges: {data.num_edges}")

Loading a Benchmark Dataset

from torch_geometric.datasets import Planetoid
Load Cora citation network

dataset = Planetoid(root='/tmp/Cora', name='Cora')
data = dataset[0]  # Get the first (and only) graphprint(f"Dataset: {dataset}")
print(f"Nodes: {data.num_nodes}, Edges: {data.num_edges}")
print(f"Features: {data.num_node_features}, Classes: {dataset.num_classes}")

Core Concepts

Data Structure

PyG represents graphs using the torch_geometric.data.Data class with these key attributes:

data.x: Node feature matrix [num_nodes, num_node_features]

data.edge_index: Graph connectivity in COO format [2, num_edges]

data.edge_attr: Edge feature matrix [num_edges, num_edge_features] (optional)

data.y: Target labels for nodes or graphs

data.pos: Node spatial positions [num_nodes, num_dimensions] (optional)

Custom attributes: Can add any attribute (e.g., data.train_mask, data.batch)

Important: These attributes are not mandatory—extend Data objects with custom attributes as needed.

Edge Index Format

Edges are stored in COO (coordinate) format as a [2, num_edges] tensor:

First row: source node indices

Second row: target node indices

# Edge list: (0→1), (1→0), (1→2), (2→1)
edge_index = torch.tensor([[0, 1, 1, 2],
                           [1, 0, 2, 1]], dtype=torch.long)

Mini-Batch Processing

PyG handles batching by creating block-diagonal adjacency matrices, concatenating multiple graphs into one large disconnected graph:

Adjacency matrices are stacked diagonally

Node features are concatenated along the node dimension

A batch vector maps each node to its source graph

No padding needed—computationally efficient

from torch_geometric.loader import DataLoaderloader = DataLoader(dataset, batch_size=32, shuffle=True)
for batch in loader:
    print(f"Batch size: {batch.num_graphs}")
    print(f"Total nodes: {batch.num_nodes}")
    # batch.batch maps nodes to graphs

Building Graph Neural Networks

Message Passing Paradigm

GNNs in PyG follow a neighborhood aggregation scheme:

Transform node features

Propagate messages along edges

Aggregate messages from neighbors

Update node representations

Using Pre-Built Layers

PyG provides 40+ convolutional layers. Common ones include:

GCNConv (Graph Convolutional Network):

from torch_geometric.nn import GCNConv
import torch.nn.functional as F
class GCN(torch.nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, num_features, num_classes):
        super().__init__()
        self.conv1 = GCNConv(num_features, 16)
        self.conv2 = GCNConv(16, num_classes)    def forward(self, data):
        x, edge_index = data.x, data.edge_index
        x = self.conv1(x, edge_index)
        x = F.relu(x)
        x = F.dropout(x, training=self.training)
        x = self.conv2(x, edge_index)
        return F.log_softmax(x, dim=1)

GATConv (Graph Attention Network):

from torch_geometric.nn import GATConv
class GAT(torch.nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, num_features, num_classes):
        super().__init__()
        self.conv1 = GATConv(num_features, 8, heads=8, dropout=0.6)
        self.conv2 = GATConv(8  8, num_classes, heads=1, concat=False, dropout=0.6)    def forward(self, data):
        x, edge_index = data.x, data.edge_index
        x = F.dropout(x, p=0.6, training=self.training)
        x = F.elu(self.conv1(x, edge_index))
        x = F.dropout(x, p=0.6, training=self.training)
        x = self.conv2(x, edge_index)
        return F.log_softmax(x, dim=1)

GraphSAGE:

from torch_geometric.nn import SAGEConv
class GraphSAGE(torch.nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, num_features, num_classes):
        super().__init__()
        self.conv1 = SAGEConv(num_features, 64)
        self.conv2 = SAGEConv(64, num_classes)    def forward(self, data):
        x, edge_index = data.x, data.edge_index
        x = self.conv1(x, edge_index)
        x = F.relu(x)
        x = F.dropout(x, training=self.training)
        x = self.conv2(x, edge_index)
        return F.log_softmax(x, dim=1)

Custom Message Passing Layers

For custom layers, inherit from MessagePassing:

from torch_geometric.nn import MessagePassing
from torch_geometric.utils import add_self_loops, degree
class CustomConv(MessagePassing):
    def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels):
        super().__init__(aggr='add')  # "add", "mean", or "max"
        self.lin = torch.nn.Linear(in_channels, out_channels)
    def forward(self, x, edge_index):
        # Add self-loops to adjacency matrix
        edge_index, _ = add_self_loops(edge_index, num_nodes=x.size(0))
        # Transform node features
        x = self.lin(x)        # Compute normalization
        row, col = edge_index
        deg = degree(col, x.size(0), dtype=x.dtype)
        deg_inv_sqrt = deg.pow(-0.5)
        norm = deg_inv_sqrt[row]  deg_inv_sqrt[col]
        # Propagate messages
        return self.propagate(edge_index, x=x, norm=norm)    def message(self, x_j, norm):
        # x_j: features of source nodes
        return norm.view(-1, 1) * x_j

Key methods:

forward(): Main entry point

message(): Constructs messages from source to target nodes

aggregate(): Aggregates messages (usually don't override—set aggr parameter)

update(): Updates node embeddings after aggregation

Variable naming convention: Appending _i or _j to tensor names automatically maps them to target or source nodes.

Working with Datasets

Loading Built-in Datasets

PyG provides extensive benchmark datasets:

# Citation networks (node classification)
from torch_geometric.datasets import Planetoid
dataset = Planetoid(root='/tmp/Cora', name='Cora')  # or 'CiteSeer', 'PubMed'
Graph classification

from torch_geometric.datasets import TUDataset
dataset = TUDataset(root='/tmp/ENZYMES', name='ENZYMES')
Molecular datasets

from torch_geometric.datasets import QM9
dataset = QM9(root='/tmp/QM9')
Large-scale datasets

from torch_geometric.datasets import Reddit
dataset = Reddit(root='/tmp/Reddit')

Check references/datasets_reference.md for a comprehensive list.

Creating Custom Datasets

For datasets that fit in memory, inherit from InMemoryDataset:

from torch_geometric.data import InMemoryDataset, Data
import torch
class MyOwnDataset(InMemoryDataset):
    def __init__(self, root, transform=None, pre_transform=None):
        super().__init__(root, transform, pre_transform)
        self.load(self.processed_paths[0])
    @property
    def raw_file_names(self):
        return ['my_data.csv']  # Files needed in raw_dir
    @property
    def processed_file_names(self):
        return ['data.pt']  # Files in processed_dir
    def download(self):
        # Download raw data to self.raw_dir
        pass
    def process(self):
        # Read data, create Data objects
        data_list = []
        # Example: Create a simple graph
        edge_index = torch.tensor([[0, 1], [1, 0]], dtype=torch.long)
        x = torch.randn(2, 16)
        y = torch.tensor([0], dtype=torch.long)
        data = Data(x=x, edge_index=edge_index, y=y)
        data_list.append(data)
        # Apply pre_filter and pre_transform
        if self.pre_filter is not None:
            data_list = [d for d in data_list if self.pre_filter(d)]
        if self.pre_transform is not None:
            data_list = [self.pre_transform(d) for d in data_list]        # Save processed data
        self.save(data_list, self.processed_paths[0])

For large datasets that don't fit in memory, inherit from Dataset and implement len() and get(idx).

Loading Graphs from CSV

import pandas as pd
import torch
from torch_geometric.data import HeteroData
Load nodes

nodes_df = pd.read_csv('nodes.csv')
x = torch.tensor(nodes_df[['feat1', 'feat2']].values, dtype=torch.float)
Load edges

edges_df = pd.read_csv('edges.csv')
edge_index = torch.tensor([edges_df['source'].values,
                           edges_df['target'].values], dtype=torch.long)data = Data(x=x, edge_index=edge_index)

Training Workflows

Node Classification (Single Graph)

import torch
import torch.nn.functional as F
from torch_geometric.datasets import Planetoid
Load dataset

dataset = Planetoid(root='/tmp/Cora', name='Cora')
data = dataset[0]
Create model

model = GCN(dataset.num_features, dataset.num_classes)
optimizer = torch.optim.Adam(model.parameters(), lr=0.01, weight_decay=5e-4)
Training

model.train()
for epoch in range(200):
    optimizer.zero_grad()
    out = model(data)
    loss = F.nll_loss(out[data.train_mask], data.y[data.train_mask])
    loss.backward()
    optimizer.step()
    if epoch % 10 == 0:
        print(f'Epoch {epoch}, Loss: {loss.item():.4f}')
Evaluation

model.eval()
pred = model(data).argmax(dim=1)
correct = (pred[data.test_mask] == data.y[data.test_mask]).sum()
acc = int(correct) / int(data.test_mask.sum())
print(f'Test Accuracy: {acc:.4f}')

Graph Classification (Multiple Graphs)

from torch_geometric.datasets import TUDataset
from torch_geometric.loader import DataLoader
from torch_geometric.nn import global_mean_pool
class GraphClassifier(torch.nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, num_features, num_classes):
        super().__init__()
        self.conv1 = GCNConv(num_features, 64)
        self.conv2 = GCNConv(64, 64)
        self.lin = torch.nn.Linear(64, num_classes)
    def forward(self, data):
        x, edge_index, batch = data.x, data.edge_index, data.batch
        x = self.conv1(x, edge_index)
        x = F.relu(x)
        x = self.conv2(x, edge_index)
        x = F.relu(x)
        # Global pooling (aggregate node features to graph-level)
        x = global_mean_pool(x, batch)
        x = self.lin(x)
        return F.log_softmax(x, dim=1)
Load dataset

dataset = TUDataset(root='/tmp/ENZYMES', name='ENZYMES')
loader = DataLoader(dataset, batch_size=32, shuffle=True)
model = GraphClassifier(dataset.num_features, dataset.num_classes)
optimizer = torch.optim.Adam(model.parameters(), lr=0.01)
Training

model.train()
for epoch in range(100):
    total_loss = 0
    for batch in loader:
        optimizer.zero_grad()
        out = model(batch)
        loss = F.nll_loss(out, batch.y)
        loss.backward()
        optimizer.step()
        total_loss += loss.item()    if epoch % 10 == 0:
        print(f'Epoch {epoch}, Loss: {total_loss / len(loader):.4f}')

Large-Scale Graphs with Neighbor Sampling

For large graphs, use NeighborLoader to sample subgraphs:

from torch_geometric.loader import NeighborLoader
Create a neighbor sampler

train_loader = NeighborLoader(
    data,
    num_neighbors=[25, 10],  # Sample 25 neighbors for 1st hop, 10 for 2nd hop
    batch_size=128,
    input_nodes=data.train_mask,
)
Training

model.train()
for batch in train_loader:
    optimizer.zero_grad()
    out = model(batch)
    # Only compute loss on seed nodes (first batch_size nodes)
    loss = F.nll_loss(out[:batch.batch_size], batch.y[:batch.batch_size])
    loss.backward()
    optimizer.step()

Important:

Output subgraphs are directed

Node indices are relabeled (0 to batch.num_nodes - 1)

Only use seed node predictions for loss computation

Sampling beyond 2-3 hops is generally not feasible

Advanced Features

Heterogeneous Graphs

For graphs with multiple node and edge types, use HeteroData:

from torch_geometric.data import HeteroData
data = HeteroData()
Add node features for different types

data['paper'].x = torch.randn(100, 128)  # 100 papers with 128 features
data['author'].x = torch.randn(200, 64)  # 200 authors with 64 features
Add edges for different types (source_type, edge_type, target_type)

data['author', 'writes', 'paper'].edge_index = torch.randint(0, 200, (2, 500))
data['paper', 'cites', 'paper'].edge_index = torch.randint(0, 100, (2, 300))print(data)

Convert homogeneous models to heterogeneous:

from torch_geometric.nn import to_hetero
Define homogeneous model

model = GNN(...)
Convert to heterogeneous

model = to_hetero(model, data.metadata(), aggr='sum')
Use as normal

out = model(data.x_dict, data.edge_index_dict)

Or use HeteroConv for custom edge-type-specific operations:

from torch_geometric.nn import HeteroConv, GCNConv, SAGEConv
class HeteroGNN(torch.nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, metadata):
        super().__init__()
        self.conv1 = HeteroConv({
            ('paper', 'cites', 'paper'): GCNConv(-1, 64),
            ('author', 'writes', 'paper'): SAGEConv((-1, -1), 64),
        }, aggr='sum')
        self.conv2 = HeteroConv({
            ('paper', 'cites', 'paper'): GCNConv(64, 32),
            ('author', 'writes', 'paper'): SAGEConv((64, 64), 32),
        }, aggr='sum')    def forward(self, x_dict, edge_index_dict):
        x_dict = self.conv1(x_dict, edge_index_dict)
        x_dict = {key: F.relu(x) for key, x in x_dict.items()}
        x_dict = self.conv2(x_dict, edge_index_dict)
        return x_dict

Transforms

Apply transforms to modify graph structure or features:

from torch_geometric.transforms import NormalizeFeatures, AddSelfLoops, Compose
Single transform

transform = NormalizeFeatures()
dataset = Planetoid(root='/tmp/Cora', name='Cora', transform=transform)
Compose multiple transforms

transform = Compose([
    AddSelfLoops(),
    NormalizeFeatures(),
])
dataset = Planetoid(root='/tmp/Cora', name='Cora', transform=transform)

Common transforms:

Structure: ToUndirected, AddSelfLoops, RemoveSelfLoops, KNNGraph, RadiusGraph

Features: NormalizeFeatures, NormalizeScale, Center

Sampling: RandomNodeSplit, RandomLinkSplit

Positional Encoding: AddLaplacianEigenvectorPE, AddRandomWalkPE

See references/transforms_reference.md for the full list.

Model Explainability

PyG provides explainability tools to understand model predictions:

from torch_geometric.explain import Explainer, GNNExplainer
Create explainer

explainer = Explainer(
    model=model,
    algorithm=GNNExplainer(epochs=200),
    explanation_type='model',  # or 'phenomenon'
    node_mask_type='attributes',
    edge_mask_type='object',
    model_config=dict(
        mode='multiclass_classification',
        task_level='node',
        return_type='log_probs',
    ),
)
Generate explanation for a specific node

node_idx = 10
explanation = explainer(data.x, data.edge_index, index=node_idx)
Visualize

print(f'Node {node_idx} explanation:')
print(f'Important edges: {explanation.edge_mask.topk(5).indices}')
print(f'Important features: {explanation.node_mask[node_idx].topk(5).indices}')

Pooling Operations

For hierarchical graph representations:

from torch_geometric.nn import TopKPooling, global_mean_pool
class HierarchicalGNN(torch.nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, num_features, num_classes):
        super().__init__()
        self.conv1 = GCNConv(num_features, 64)
        self.pool1 = TopKPooling(64, ratio=0.8)
        self.conv2 = GCNConv(64, 64)
        self.pool2 = TopKPooling(64, ratio=0.8)
        self.lin = torch.nn.Linear(64, num_classes)
    def forward(self, data):
        x, edge_index, batch = data.x, data.edge_index, data.batch
        x = F.relu(self.conv1(x, edge_index))
        x, edge_index, _, batch, _, _ = self.pool1(x, edge_index, None, batch)
        x = F.relu(self.conv2(x, edge_index))
        x, edge_index, _, batch, _, _ = self.pool2(x, edge_index, None, batch)        x = global_mean_pool(x, batch)
        x = self.lin(x)
        return F.log_softmax(x, dim=1)

Common Patterns and Best Practices

Check Graph Properties

# Undirected check
from torch_geometric.utils import is_undirected
print(f"Is undirected: {is_undirected(data.edge_index)}")
Connected components

from torch_geometric.utils import connected_components
print(f"Connected components: {connected_components(data.edge_index)}")
Contains self-loops

from torch_geometric.utils import contains_self_loops
print(f"Has self-loops: {contains_self_loops(data.edge_index)}")

GPU Training

device = torch.device('cuda' if torch.cuda.is_available() else 'cpu')
model = model.to(device)
data = data.to(device)
For DataLoader

for batch in loader:
    batch = batch.to(device)
    # Train...

Save and Load Models

# Save
torch.save(model.state_dict(), 'model.pth')
Load

model = GCN(num_features, num_classes)
model.load_state_dict(torch.load('model.pth'))
model.eval()

Layer Capabilities

When choosing layers, consider these capabilities:

SparseTensor: Supports efficient sparse matrix operations

edge_weight: Handles one-dimensional edge weights

edge_attr: Processes multi-dimensional edge features

Bipartite: Works with bipartite graphs (different source/target dimensions)

Lazy: Enables initialization without specifying input dimensions

See the GNN cheatsheet at references/layer_capabilities.md.

Resources

Bundled References

This skill includes detailed reference documentation:

references/layers_reference.md: Complete listing of all 40+ GNN layers with descriptions and capabilities

references/datasets_reference.md: Comprehensive dataset catalog organized by category

references/transforms_reference.md: All available transforms and their use cases

references/api_patterns.md: Common API patterns and coding examples

Scripts

Utility scripts are provided in scripts/:

scripts/visualize_graph.py: Visualize graph structure using networkx and matplotlib

scripts/create_gnn_template.py: Generate boilerplate code for common GNN architectures

scripts/benchmark_model.py: Benchmark model performance on standard datasets

Execute scripts directly or read them for implementation patterns.

Official Resources

Documentation: https://pytorch-geometric.readthedocs.io/

GitHub: https://github.com/pyg-team/pytorch_geometric

Tutorials: https://pytorch-geometric.readthedocs.io/en/latest/get_started/introduction.html

Examples: https://github.com/pyg-team/pytorch_geometric/tree/master/examples

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